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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about major changes in digitization in many areas of life and professions. New areas were digitized almost overnight, the school system in Germany was no exception leading to a demand for videoconferencing tools and communication platforms. These technologies have many different functionalities that need to be discovered, explored, and exploited by the user. Given the disruptive events that the COVID pandemic brought to us, this paper aims to shed light on how the dynamics of discovery, exploration, and exploitation unfolds. We use a functional affordance theory perspective to analyze and understand how user learn to use new technologies. To do this, we conducted an exploratory case-study-based research design including interviews with teachers from various schools to analyze how they appropriate new technologies to develop an explanatory theoretical model.

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Escalation of Commitment (EoC) - the tendency to persist with failing courses of action - can determine whether a distressed Information Systems (IS) project can be turned around. To disentangle the emotional and cognitive factors that give rise to EoC we conducted a between-subject randomized controlled laboratory experiment with 75 Master, MBA, and Ph.D. students including data triangulation between neurophysiological and behavioral measures. This study successfully replicates the EoC bias in the context of IS project distress, provides evidence for a psychophysiological link, supports the predictions on the role of negative and complex emotional states of self-justification theory over coping theory, and adds to a better understanding of how escalation tendency changes over time due to learning effects. Our findings contribute to enhancing decision-making in uncertain environments by using cognitive and emotional markers and thereby provide the foundation for developing neuro-adaptive de-escalation strategies.

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Financial fraud has a severe impact on the general population. While financial institutions have technological capabilities for fraud detection using intelligent AI systems, the delay until they have collected a sufficient size of fraudulent data to train their fraud detection models creates a costly vulnerability. One major challenge for quickly training data lies in the inability to share fraud detection training data with other financial institutions, due to data and privacy regulations. Thus, we create the concept for a data-sharing ecosystem platform that addresses data anonymity concerns by creating synthesized training data based on each institution’s fraud detection training data sets. We rely on the advantages of generative adversarial networks (GAN) to quickly construct a shared dataset for all ecosystem members. Applying design science research, this paper derives design knowledge based on financial fraud detection literature, data sharing between financial institutions, GANs and modular systems theory for the design of a plat-form architecture for data-sharing ecosystems.

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New political objectives, emerging regulatory regimes for the digital sphere, and higher penalties for violations have intensified the pressure to develop lawful IT artefacts. As the adaptation of existing IT artefacts to new regulations can be expensive and arduous, a more attractive approach would be to design IT artefacts lawfully from the beginning. A major challenge is that the law is generally technology-neutral, and lawful design requires legal expertise throughout the development, which is costly and time consuming due to communication challenges between legal experts and developers. One possible approach to proactively consider IT regulations in the systems development is design patterns that convey legal design knowledge and support developers in determining the appropriate design options. Consequently, we develop a framework for lawful design patterns and demonstrate their feasibility and advantages using the example of developing AI-based assistants and the regulation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Using the design pattern framework, we develop design patterns for lawful AI-based assistants and evaluate them using (a) an experimental approach to show the usefulness of the patterns for developers and (b) rely on a legal simulation study to holistically evaluate how design patterns contribute to lawful IT.

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2B-Innovationsplattformen erfreuen sich zunehmender Beliebtheit in der Wertschöpfung von Unternehmen. Solche Innovationsplattformen erleichtern das Innovieren zwischen mehreren Partnern, die sogenannte Multipartner-Innovation (MPI). MPI ist ein komplexer Prozess mit verschiedenen Herausforderungen. B2B-Innovationsplattformen versprechen diese komplexitätsbedingten Herausforderungen durch ihre Hebelwirkungen zu adressieren und MPI-Ergebnisse zu fördern. Daher gelten B2B-Innovationsplattformen als vielversprechende Organisationslogik im MPI-Kontext. Die genaueren Umstände, unter denen B2B-Plattformhebel die Komplexitätsherausforderungen von MPI-Prozessen in Business-Ökosystemen bewältigen, sind jedoch noch nicht definiert. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es daher, die Rolle von B2B-Plattformhebeln bei der Bewältigung von Komplexitätsherausforderungen zu untersuchen und zu erklären, ob und wie Plattformen tatsächlich eine vielversprechende Organisationslogik darstellen.Die Komplexitätswissenschaft dient dabei als theoretische Grundlage um aufzuzeigen, wie Komplexität entsteht und zu Herausforderungen in Business-Ökosystemen führt. Anschließend wird die agentenbasierte Modellierung als Forschungsmethode eingesetzt, um die zentralen Wechselbeziehungen und die resultierende Komplexität zu modellieren, Simulationsexperimente durchzuführen, und neue theoretische Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen. Das entwickelte Simulationsmodell und die abgeleiteten Erkenntnisse werden in den einzelnen Beiträgen der Dissertation iterativ verfeinert. Das Ergebnis ist ein erweiterbares agentenbasiertes Modell einer B2B-Innovationsplattform in einem komplexen Business-Ökosystem sowie eine Reihe theoretischer Erkenntnisse. Aus Forschungssicht wird gezeigt, dass die Komplexität eines Business-Ökosystems die Fähigkeit von B2B-Plattformhebeln, Komplexitätsherausforderungen zu bewältigen, massgeblich beeinflusst. MPI-Komplexität erzeugt verschiedene Komplexitätsregionen im Business-Ökosystem. B2B-Plattformhebel können die Komplexitätsprobleme nur in der Region der emergenten Komplexität bewältigen. Für Praktiker impliziert dies, dass B2B-Innovationsplattformen nicht in allen Branchen gleichermaßen disruptiv sind. Die Komplexität auf Ökosystemebene sollte demnach bei der Frage berücksichtigt werden, ob eine Plattformorganisationslogik tatsächlich sinnvoll ist.

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Sprachbasierte Interfaces (Conversational Interfaces, CIs) verändern die Art und Weise, wie Nutzer mit Unternehmen in einem breiten Spektrum von Dienstleistungen interagieren. CIs ermöglichen den Unternehmen, auf der Grundlage der derzeitigen kontinuierlichen Fortschritte in der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) und der Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache (NLP), die Kundeninteraktion zu automatisieren, ohne dass die Dynamik menschlicher Interaktion verloren geht. Somit erzeugen CIs eine Dienstleistungserfahrung, die der Interaktion mit einem menschlichen Servicemitarbeiter ähnelt. Von der Unterstützung bei der Anmeldung von Versicherungsansprüchen bis hin zur Bereitstellung von Produktempfehlungen unterstützen CIs die Nutzer zunehmend bei der Lösung von Serviceanfragen. Sie sind dabei intuitiver und natürlicher als herkömmliche Servicetechnologien (z. B. Websites). Einem neuartigen Interaktionsparadigma folgend ahmen CIs zwischenmenschliche Kommunikation in schriftlicher oder gesprochener Form nach. Als Folge können CIs mit den Nutzern auf eine Art und Weise interagieren, die bisher als Wesensmerkmal menschlicher Kommunikation galt: ein auf natürlicher Sprache basierender Dialog. Dies wirft grundlegende Fragen darüber auf, wie Nutzer auf CI-gestützte Service-Interaktionen reagieren und welche Auswirkungen dies auf das Serviceergebnis haben könnte. Der übergreifende Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist ein neuartiger konzeptioneller Rahmen für CI-unterstützte Service-Interaktionen, der auf grundlegenden Theorien der menschlichen Kommunikation, der technologievermittelten Servicebereitstellung und auf laufenden Arbeiten zu Mensch-KI-Beziehungen aufbaut und diese integriert. Der konzeptionelle Rahmen wird in sechs komplementären Projekten entwickelt und getestet. In Kombination zeigen diese Arbeiten, wie CIs und ihr Design (z.B. das Geschlecht der Stimme, die Interaktionsmodalität) die Nutzererfahrungen (z.B. Vertrauen, Flow, Fluency) prägen und sich letztlich auf das Ergebnis der Dienstleistung auswirken. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie moderierende Faktoren, die sich in der konversationalen Gestaltung von CIs manifestieren, diese Effekte beeinflussen. Die Dissertation hat wichtige Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis: Aus theoretischer Sicht zeigt diese Arbeit, wie grundlegende Erkenntnisse aus der menschlichen Kommunikation genutzt werden können, um die aufkommende interdisziplinäre Forschung zu dem Thema voranzutreiben, wie Nutzer in Beziehung zu den Service-Interaktionen von CIs treten und von diesen beeinflusst werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation haben ebenfalls wichtige praktische Auswirkungen für Unternehmen, die das Potenzial von CIs zur Verbesserung der Nutzererfahrungen und das theoriegeleiteten Konversationsdesign von CIs nutzen wollen.

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Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
Direct alcohol biomarkers are of growing interest for the assessment of alcohol consumption, with particular interest in phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in recent years. PEth is only formed when alcohol is present in the body. However, there is no statement about how much the PEth concentration increases after single moderate alcohol consumption. This study was conducted to determine the increase in PEth concentrations after a single drinking event. Additionally, a new volumetric sampling device (volumetric dried blood spot cards (DBSV)) was evaluated, which was designed to simplify further sampling processes and to allow for easy self-sampling. Dried blood samples from 31 volunteers were collected before and after single alcohol consumption with a mean maximum breath alcohol concentration of 0.4 mg/L (range: 0.30–0.55 mg/L). PEth concentrations were determined after automated extraction by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2 concentrations increased to an average of 45 ng/mL each in patients starting below 20 ng/mL (range: 25.0–57.0 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:1; range 26.8–62.3 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:2). PEth concentrations in patients starting above 20 ng/mL increased by a mean of 30 ng/mL (range: 6.2–71.3 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:1; range 8.8–65.3 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:2). In addition, the comparison of the new sampling device DBSV with a standard filter paper card (with volumetrically applied 20 µL of blood samples) yielded a close agreement for the determined PEth concentrations in 24 forensic samples and three external controls. Therefore, the sampling device DBSV proved to be suitable for the determination of PEth concentrations in blood.

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Enterprise architecture management (EAM) is commonly employed by large organizations to coordinate local information system development efforts in line with organization-wide strategic objectives while simultaneously avoiding redundancies and inconsistencies. Even though EAM tools and processes have become increasingly mature over the past decade, many organizations still struggle to generate impact from their EAM initiatives. To this end, we describe how enterprise architects at Commerzbank, a major international bank, employed a control mechanism portfolio perspective to more effectively anchor EAM within the organization. This approach allows to purposefully combine a wide range of different formal and informal EAM control mechanisms, thereby going beyond the formal, topdown driven mechanisms predominantly discussed in EAM literature. Furthermore, such EAM control mechanism portfolios provide an effective means to purposefully realign EAM in reaction to major strategic shifts. The application of this perspective is demonstrated by tracing the evolution of EAM at Commerzbank for more than a decade (2008 to 2018) through a turbulent and challenging competitive environment, resulting in several major strategic realignments that required corresponding adjustments in EAM. We believe that such consciously designed and diversified EAM control mechanism portfolios also provide a useful means for other large organizations to more effectively conduct EAM.

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The goals of design science research (DSR) projects are to generate novel and useful artifacts and to produce rigorous and generalizable design knowledge. Often, DSR projects are conducted in collaborative, interdisciplinary project teams. Different disciplinary approaches to codifying design knowledge result in challenging project interactions. To study this situation, we analyze design knowledge codification in interdisciplinary teams over time. We gain insights from a survey of recent DSR papers that have been published in the AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket. We then present a detailed case study of a longitudinal project that brought to light issues of sharing design knowledge across disciplinary borders. Drawing from the survey and case study, we provide actionable guidance on how to effectively codify and share design knowledge to support researchers and practitioners to build useful artifacts and to make interdisciplinary design knowledge contributions reusable and applicable.

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Although the idea of low code development is not new, the market for these oftentimes platform-based development approaches is exponentially growing. Especially factors such as increasing affinity for technology development across all user groups, consumerization of development, and advancing digitalization are opening a new target group for the low code movement. The broad application possibilities of low code, as well as the benefits, are therefore getting more important for businesses. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), low code constitutes a promising avenue to survive and succeed in the rapidly changing world. However, a clear understanding regarding the application of this paradigm of software development in SMEs is still missing. To provide a coherent understanding of the phenomenon low code in SMEs, we review extant literature and conduct interviews, identifying potential application domains and conceptualizing the benefits and challenges of low code from a holistic perspective.

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